:root{
  /* ===== Body : Light Pastel ===== */
  --bg:#eef2f7;            /* 전체 배경 (파스텔 그레이-블루) */
  --bg-soft:#e8edf5;       /* 섹션 배경 */

  /* Cards */
  --card:#ffffff;
  --card-soft:#f6f8fc;

  /* Lines */
  --line:#d6deeb;

  /* Text (BLACK-based) */
  --text:#0f172a;          /* 거의 블랙 */
  --muted:#475569;         /* slate-600 */

  /* ===== Blue Top ===== */
  --blue:#2563eb;
  --blue-dark:#1e3a8a;
  --blue-light:#60a5fa;
  --blue-soft:#e0edff;

  /* UI */
  --radius:16px;
  --shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(15,23,42,.10);
  --shadow-strong:0 14px 36px rgba(30,58,138,.22);

  --max:1120px;
  --font: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto,
          "Noto Sans KR", Arial, "Apple SD Gothic Neo", "Malgun Gothic", sans-serif;
}

/* ===== Base ===== */
*{box-sizing:border-box}
html,body{height:100%}
body{
  margin:0;
  font-family:var(--font);
  color:var(--text);
  line-height:1.62;
  background:var(--bg);
}

a{color:var(--blue); text-decoration:none}
a:hover{text-decoration:underline}

.container{max-width:var(--max); margin:0 auto; padding:0 18px}
.muted{color:var(--muted)}
.small{font-size:13px}

/* =======================================================
   HEADER / HERO (KEEP BLUE, UNCHANGED STYLE)
   ======================================================= */

/* Header */
.header{
  position:sticky;
  top:0;
  z-index:50;
  background:var(--blue-dark);
  border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
}

.nav{
  display:flex;
  align-items:center;
  justify-content:space-between;
  min-height:72px;
  gap:16px;
  position:relative;
}

.brand{
  display:flex;
  align-items:center;
  gap:12px;
}

.brand-mark{
  width:120px;             /* 로고 너비 더 키움 */
  height:60px;             /* 로고 높이 더 키움 */
  border-radius:12px;
  overflow:hidden;
  display:flex;
  align-items:center;
  justify-content:center;
  background:transparent;
  box-shadow:none;
}

.brand-mark img{
  width:100%;
  height:100%;
  object-fit:contain;
  display:block;
}

.brand-name{
  font-weight:900;
  letter-spacing:-.2px;
  color:white;
}

/*.brand{display:flex; align-items:center; gap:12px}
.brand-mark{
  width:40px;
  height:40px;
  border-radius:14px;
  display:flex;
  align-items:center;
  justify-content:center;
  font-weight:900;
  letter-spacing:.6px;
  color:white;
  background:var(--blue);
  box-shadow:0 10px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.25);
}
.brand-name{
  font-weight:900;
  letter-spacing:-.2px;
  color:white;
}
*/

/* Nav */
.nav-menu{
  display:flex;
  gap:8px;
  align-items:center;
}
.nav-menu a{
  font-weight: 800; 
  padding:10px 12px;
  border-radius:12px;
  color:rgba(255,255,255,.78);
}
.nav-menu a.active{
  color:white;
  background:rgba(255,255,255,.18);
}
.nav-menu a:hover{
  text-decoration:none;
  background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);
}

.nav-toggle{
  display:none;
  padding:10px 12px;
  border-radius:12px;
  border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);
  background:transparent;
  color:white;
}

/* Hero */
.hero{
  padding:64px 0 36px;
  background:var(--blue-dark);
  border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.15);
}

.hero-grid{
  display:grid;
  grid-template-columns:1.2fr .8fr;
  gap:22px;
}

.kicker{
  display:inline-flex;
  padding:6px 10px;
  border-radius:999px;
  background:rgba(255,255,255,.18);
  color:#dbeafe;
  font-size:12px;
  font-weight:700;
  margin-bottom:14px;
}

.hero h1{
  margin:0 0 14px;
  font-size:46px;
  letter-spacing:-1px;
  color:white;
}

.lead{
  margin:0 0 20px;
  font-size:18px;
  color:#dbeafe;
  max-width:58ch;
}

.hero-cta{display:flex; gap:12px; flex-wrap:wrap}
.btn{
  padding:12px 18px;
  border-radius:14px;
  border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.35);
  background:rgba(255,255,255,.15);
  color:white;
}
.btn.primary{
  background:white;
  border-color:white;
  color:var(--blue-dark);
}
.btn:hover{text-decoration:none}

/* =======================================================
   BODY / CONTENT (LIGHT PASTEL + BLACK TEXT)
   ======================================================= */

.section{padding:32px 0}
.section.alt{
  background:var(--bg-soft);
  border-top:1px solid var(--line);
  border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);
}

h1,h2,h3{color:var(--text)}
h2{margin:0 0 14px; font-size:22px}
h3{margin:0 0 8px; font-size:18px}

.card,
.hero-card,
.pub,
.member,
.glass{
  border-radius:var(--radius);
}

/* 개별 카드별 배경/테두리 재지정 (hero-card 분리) */
.card,
.pub,
.member,
.glass{
  background:var(--card);
  border:1px solid var(--line);
  box-shadow:var(--shadow);
}

.hero-card{
  padding:0px; /* 원래 있던 14px 패딩(여백) 제거 */
  box-shadow:var(--shadow-strong);
  background: transparent; /* 카드 자체의 흰색 배경 제거 */
  border: none; /* 외곽선 제거 */
}

.badge{
  font-size:12px;
  padding:6px 11px;
  border-radius:999px;
  background:var(--blue-soft);
  color:var(--blue-dark);
  border:1px solid #c7dcff;
}

.stats{display:grid; gap:12px; margin-top:12px}
.stat{
  display:flex;
  justify-content:space-between;
  padding-bottom:10px;
  border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);
}
.stat:last-child{border-bottom:none}
.stat-num{font-size:30px; font-weight:900}
.stat-label{font-size:13px; color:var(--muted)}

/* News 카드 여백 및 간격 최적화 */
.news-card {
  padding: 16px 16px 12px 16px !important; /* 아래쪽 여백(12px)을 줄임 */
}

.news-card .card-title {
  margin-bottom: 0; /* 제목 아래 기본 마진 제거 */
}

.news-card p.muted {
  margin-top: 8px; /* 내용이 있을 경우 위쪽 간격 조정 */
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* News 설명 내에서 strong 태그를 썼을 때의 스타일: 굵게 + 테마 파란색 */
.news-card p.muted strong {
  color: var(--blue-dark);
  font-weight: 800;
}

.card-list{display:grid; gap:14px}
.card{padding:16px}

/* Highlights Card */
.highlight-link {
  text-decoration: none;
  display: block;
}

.highlight-img-only {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
  object-fit: cover; /* 세 이미지의 크기를 완벽하게 동일하게 맞춤 */
  display: block;
  transition: transform 0.2s ease, opacity 0.2s ease;
  border-radius: var(--radius);
}

.highlight-link:hover .highlight-img-only {
  transform: translateY(-4px);
  opacity: 0.9;
}

.research-card {
  padding: 16px
  /* overflow: hidden; */
}

.card-content {
  padding: 0 16px;
}

.grid-3{display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr); gap:14px}
.grid-2{display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr); gap:14px}

/* Inputs */
.page{padding:28px 18px 36px}
.filters{
  display:flex;
  gap:10px;
  flex-wrap:wrap;
  margin:14px 0 18px;
}
.input,.select{
  padding:12px 14px;
  border-radius:14px;
  border:1px solid var(--line);
  background:white;
  color:var(--text);
}
.input::placeholder{color:#94a3b8}

/* ===== Publications (Card Style) ===== */
.pub-filters{
  align-items:center;
}

.seg{
  display:inline-flex;
  gap:6px;
  padding:6px;
  border-radius:999px;
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.7);
  border:1px solid var(--line);
}

.seg-btn{
  border:none;
  background:transparent;
  padding:10px 12px;
  border-radius:999px;
  cursor:pointer;
  color: var(--muted);
  font-weight:700;
}

.seg-btn.active{
  background: var(--blue-soft);
  color: var(--blue-dark);
  border:1px solid #c7dcff;
}

.pub-year{
  margin-top: 28px;
}

/* 연도 줄은 배경 없이 */
.pub-year-head{
  background: transparent;
  padding: 0 4px 10px;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  border-bottom: none;
}
.pub-year-head h2{
  font-size: 24px;
  font-weight: 900;
  letter-spacing: -0.3px;
}
.pub-year-head .small{
  display: none;
}

.pub-list{
  background: #ffffff;
  border-radius: 16px;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(15,23,42,.06);
  padding: 14px 28px;
}

@media (max-width: 860px){
  .pub-list{
    padding: 12px 18px;
  }
}

.pub-item{
  padding: 18px 0 20px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.pub-item:last-child{
  border-bottom: none;
}

.pub-title{
  font-weight: 900;
  letter-spacing: -0.2px;
}

.pub-meta{
  margin-top: 6px;
  font-size: 15px;
  color: var(--muted);
}

.pub-where{
  color: #4b5563; /*gray700-#374151; venue*/
  font-style: italic;
  margin-top: 6px;
  font-weight: 700;
}

.pub-detail{
  margin-top: 6px;
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 15px;
  color: var(--muted);
}

/* marks + links 그대로 재사용 */
/* base mark */
.mark{
  font-size: 12px;
  padding: 6px 10px;
  border-radius: 999px;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.65);
  color: var(--text);
  font-weight: 700;
}

/* special marks (optional tone) */
.mark-top-tier{
  border-color:#b7cffc;
  background:#e8f0ff;
  color:#1e3a8a;
}
.mark-scie-q1{
  border-color:#cfe8d6;
  background:#eaf7ee;
  color:#14532d;
}
.mark-major{
  border-color:#e6d8b7;
  background:#fff7e6;
  color:#7c2d12;
}
.mark-best-paper-award{
  border-color:#ef4444;
  background:#fee2e2;
  color:#7f1d1d;
  font-weight: 900;
}

.pub-links{
  display:flex;
  gap:10px;
  flex-wrap:wrap;
  margin-top: 8px;
}

.pub-link{
  display:inline-flex;
  align-items:center;
  padding: 6px 10px;
  border-radius: 10px;
  border:1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--card-soft);
  font-weight: 800;
  color: var(--blue-dark);
}

.pub-link:hover{
  text-decoration:none;
}

/* venue 옆 mark 배치 */
.pub-where-row{
  display:flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 12px;           /* venue와 mark 사이 간격 */
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  margin-top: 6px;
}

.mark-row.inline{
  margin-top: 0;
}

/* detail 옆 link 배치 */
.pub-detail-row{
  display:flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 12px;           /* detail과 link 사이 간격 */
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  margin-top: 8px;
}

.pub-links.inline{
  margin-top: 0;
}

/* detail이 너무 길면 링크가 아래로 자연스럽게 내려가게 */
.pub-detail{
  flex: 1 1 520px;
  min-width: 280px;
}

@media (max-width: 860px){
  .pub-card-grid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}

/* Members */
.member-grid{
  display:grid;
  grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);
  gap:14px;
}
.member{
  display:flex;
  gap:14px;
  padding:16px;
}

.members-sections{
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: 28px;     /* 섹션 사이 간격 */
}

.avatar{
  width:48px;
  height:48px;
  border-radius:14px;
  display:flex;
  align-items:center;
  justify-content:center;
  background:var(--blue-soft);
  color:var(--blue-dark);
  font-weight:900;
}
.avatar-img{
  width:48px;
  height:48px;
  border-radius:14px;
  object-fit:cover;
  border:1px solid var(--line);
}

.member-role{
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.member-bio{
  white-space: pre-line;
  padding-left: 0.8em; 
  text-indent: -0.8em;  
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.member-email{
  display:inline-flex;
  align-items:center;
  gap:8px;
  padding: 6px 10px;
  border-radius: 12px;
  border:1px solid var(--line);
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.65);
  color: var(--blue-dark);
  font-weight: 800;
  font-size: 13px;
  text-decoration: none;
  margin-top: 6px;
}

.member-pi .avatar,
.member-pi .avatar-img{
  width:216px;
  height:288px;
  border-radius:18px;
}

.member-pi{
  border-left:4px solid var(--blue);
  background: linear-gradient(
    180deg,
    rgba(37,99,235,.08),
    rgba(255,255,255,0)
  );
}

.member-student .avatar,
.member-student .avatar-img{
  width:120px;
  height:150px;
  border-radius:16px;
}

/* .member-alumni{
  padding-left:16px; /* 이미지 공간 안 생기게
} */
/*.member-alumni .card-title{
  font-weight:800;
}*/

.alumni-list{
  list-style:none;
  padding:0;
  margin: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.alumni-item{
  padding: 14px 6px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.alumni-top{
  display:flex;
  align-items:flex-start;
  justify-content:space-between;
  gap: 14px;
}

.alumni-name{
  font-weight: 900;
  letter-spacing: -0.2px;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.alumni-meta{
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  white-space: pre-line; /* \n 줄바꿈 */
  text-align: left;
}

.alumni-links{
  display:flex;
  gap:10px;
  flex-wrap:wrap;
  margin-top: 10px;
}

@media (max-width: 700px){
  .alumni-top{
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 6px;
  }
}

/* ===== PI Page (Top 2-card, Bottom single column) ===== */
.pi-wrap{
  display:flex;
  flex-direction:column;
  gap: 16px;
}
.pi-wrap .card-title{
  font-size: 20px;
  font-weight: 900;
}

/* 상단 2열: 카드 높이 자동 맞춤 */
.pi-top{
  display:grid;
  grid-template-columns: 360px 1fr;
  gap: 14px;
  align-items: stretch; /* ← 높이 맞춤 핵심 */
}

/* 공통 카드 패딩 통일 */
.pi-top .card,
.pi-bottom .card{
  padding: 16px;
}

.pi-photo-card{
  padding: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.pi-photo-img{
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  min-height: 340px;
  object-fit: cover;
  display: block;
}

.pi-intro-card p{
  margin-top: 10px;
  line-height: 1.65;
}

.pi-links{
  display:flex;
  gap:10px;
  flex-wrap:wrap;
  margin-top: 12px;
}

.pi-bottom{
  display:flex;
  flex-direction:column;
  gap: 14px;
}

.pi-list{
  margin: 10px 0 0;
  padding-left: 18px;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.65;
}

.pi-list.timeline{
  list-style: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  margin-top: 10px;
}

.pi-list.timeline li{
  position: relative;
  grid-template-columns: 140px 1fr;
  gap: 14px;
  padding-left: 10px;
}

.pi-list.timeline li::before{
  content:"";
  position:absolute;
  left:0;
  top: 0.9em;
  width: 2px;
  height: calc(100% - 1.8em);
  background: var(--line);
}

.pi-period{
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--muted);
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.pi-desc{
  line-height: 1.6;
}

@media (max-width: 980px){
  .pi-top{
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
  .pi-photo-img{
    min-height: 260px;
  }
}

/* Links */
.link-row{display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin-top:10px}
.link{
  padding:6px 10px;
  border-radius:12px;
  border:1px solid var(--line);
  background:#f1f5ff;
  color:var(--blue-dark);
}
.link:hover{text-decoration:none}

/* Footer */
.footer{
  padding:30px 0 36px;
  background:var(--bg-soft);
  border-top:1px solid var(--line);
}
.footer-title{font-weight:900}
.footer-links{display:flex; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap}

/* Responsive */
@media (max-width: 860px){
  .hero-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .hero h1{font-size:38px}
  .grid-3,.grid-2,.member-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}

  .nav-toggle{display:inline-flex}
  .nav-menu{
    display:none;
    position:absolute;
    right:18px;
    top:72px;
    flex-direction:column;
    background:var(--blue-dark);
    border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);
    border-radius:16px;
    padding:10px;
    width:min(280px,calc(100vw - 36px));
  }
  .nav-menu.open{display:flex}
}


/* ===== Gallery ===== */
.gallery-grid{
  display:grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
  gap:24px;
}

.gallery-item{
  padding:0;
  border:none;
  background:transparent;
  text-align:left;
  cursor:pointer;

  border-radius: var(--radius);
  overflow:hidden;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  border:1px solid var(--line);
}

.gallery-thumb{
  width:100%;
  height:220px;
  object-fit:cover;
  display:block;
  background: var(--card-soft);
}

.gallery-media {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  height: 220px; /* 고정 높이 */
  overflow: hidden;
  background: var(--card-soft);
}

.gallery-mini-slider {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

.gallery-mini-track {
  display: flex;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  overflow-x: auto;
  scroll-snap-type: x mandatory;
  scrollbar-width: none; /* Firefox */
  -ms-overflow-style: none; /* IE */
}
.gallery-mini-track::-webkit-scrollbar {
  display: none; /* Chrome/Safari */
}

.gallery-mini-track .gallery-thumb {
  flex: 0 0 100%; /* 부모 너비의 정확히 100%만 차지하게 강제 */
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  scroll-snap-align: start;
}

.mini-nav {
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5); /* 더 진한 검은색 반투명 */
  color: #fff;
  border: none;
  width: 40px; /* 크기 키움 */
  height: 40px; /* 크기 키움 */
  border-radius: 50%;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 18px; /* 화살표 크기 키움 */
  font-weight: bold;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: all 0.2s ease;
  z-index: 2;
  cursor: pointer;
  backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
}
.gallery-mini-slider:hover .mini-nav {
  opacity: 1;
}
.mini-nav:hover {
  background: rgba(0,0,0,0.8);
}
.mini-nav.prev { left: 8px; }
.mini-nav.next { right: 8px; }

.mini-dots {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 12px; /* 캡션 위로 조금 올림 */
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 8px; /* 간격 넓힘 */
  z-index: 2;
  pointer-events: none;
}
.mini-dot {
  width: 8px; /* 크기 키움 */
  height: 8px; /* 크기 키움 */
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.5); /* 비활성 점 색상 */
  transition: background 0.2s ease;
  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); /* 시인성을 위해 그림자 추가 */
}
.mini-dot.active {
  background: #ffffff; /* 활성 점 완전 흰색 */
  transform: scale(1.1); /* 활성 점 약간 크게 */
}

.gallery-cap{
  padding:12px 12px 14px;
  background: var(--card);
}

.gallery-title{
  font-weight:900;
  color: var(--text);
  letter-spacing: -0.2px;
}

.gallery-sub{
  font-size:13px;
  margin-top:4px;
}

/* hover polish */
.gallery-item:hover{
  transform: translateY(-1px);
}
.gallery-item:focus{
  outline: 3px solid rgba(37,99,235,.25);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* ===== Lightbox ===== */
.no-scroll{ overflow:hidden; }

.lightbox{
  position:fixed;
  inset:0;
  display:none;
  z-index:1000;
}

.lightbox.open{ display:block; }

.lightbox-backdrop{
  position:absolute;
  inset:0;
  background: rgba(15,23,42,.55);
}

.lightbox-panel{
  position:relative;
  width:min(980px, calc(100vw - 28px));
  margin: 36px auto;
  background: var(--card);
  border:1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: calc(var(--radius) + 2px);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  overflow:hidden;
}

.lightbox-close{
  position:absolute;
  right:12px;
  top:10px;
  width:38px;
  height:38px;
  border-radius:12px;
  border:1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--card-soft);
  color: var(--text);
  font-size:24px;
  line-height:1;
  cursor:pointer;
}

.lightbox-panel img{
  width:100%;
  max-height: 62vh;
  object-fit: contain;
  display:block;
  background: #0b1024;
}

.lightbox-meta{
  padding:14px 16px 6px;
}

.lightbox-title{
  font-weight:900;
  font-size:18px;
  letter-spacing:-0.2px;
}

.lightbox-desc{
  margin-top:6px;
}

.lightbox-nav{
  display:flex;
  justify-content:space-between;
  gap:10px;
  padding:12px 16px 16px;
}

@media (max-width: 980px){
  .gallery-grid{ grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
  .gallery-thumb, .gallery-mini-slider { height:200px; }
}

@media (max-width: 560px){
  .gallery-grid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .gallery-thumb, .gallery-mini-slider { height:220px; }
  .lightbox-panel{ margin: 14px auto; }
}

/* ===== Hero Carousel (right card) ===== */
.carousel{
  position:relative;
  border-radius: var(--radius);
  overflow:hidden;
  border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14); /* hero 카드가 블루일 때도 어울림 */
  background: transparent;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0,0,0,0.25); /* 캐러셀 전체에 그림자 효과 추가 */
  transition: box-shadow 0.3s ease; /* 그림자 부드럽게 */
}
.carousel:hover {
  box-shadow: 0 15px 35px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); /* 마우스 오버 시 그림자 더 강하게 */
}

.carousel-stage{
  display:block;
  position:relative;
  text-decoration:none;
  background: transparent;
}

.carousel-stage img{
  width:100%;
  height:360px;
  object-fit:cover; /* 기본 사진은 꽉 채움 */
  display:block;
  background: transparent;
}

/* Research 이미지처럼 배경이 투명/흰색인 다이어그램의 경우 테두리 여백 없이 꽉 채우거나 원래 비율 유지 */
.carousel-stage img[src*="research"] {
  object-fit: contain; /* 이미지가 잘리지 않게 다 보여줌 */
  background: #ffffff; /* 배경이 투명한 이미지를 위해 뒷배경을 흰색으로 고정 */
  padding: 16px; /* 너무 꽉 차서 테두리에 닿지 않도록 안쪽 여백 추가 (원치 않으면 0으로 변경 가능) */
}

/* 캐러셀 페이드 효과 애니메이션 */
@keyframes fadeIn {
  from { opacity: 0.3; }
  to { opacity: 1; }
}
.fade-anim {
  animation: fadeIn 0.4s ease-in-out;
}

/* caption overlay */
.carousel-overlay{
  position:absolute;
  left:0; right:0; bottom:0;
  padding:14px 14px 12px;
  background: rgba(0,0,0,.35);
  color: #fff;
  backdrop-filter: blur(6px);
}

.carousel-title{
  font-weight:900;
  letter-spacing:-0.2px;
  font-size:16px;
  color:#fff;
}

.carousel-cap{
  margin-top:6px;
  font-size:13px;
  color: rgba(255,255,255,.85);
}

/* nav buttons */
.carousel-btn{
  position:absolute;
  top:50%;
  transform:translateY(-50%);
  width:40px;
  height:40px;
  border-radius:50%; /* 둥글게 */
  border:none;
  background: rgba(0,0,0,.5); /* 배경색 좀 더 진하게 */
  color:#fff;
  font-size:18px;
  font-weight:bold;
  line-height:1;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  cursor:pointer;
  z-index: 10; /* 이미지 위에 뜨도록 */
  opacity: 0; /* 평소엔 안보이게 */
  transition: all 0.2s ease;
}
.carousel:hover .carousel-btn {
  opacity: 1; /* 마우스 올리면 보이게 */
}
.carousel-btn:hover{ background: rgba(0,0,0,.8); }
.carousel-btn.prev{ left:12px; }
.carousel-btn.next{ right:12px; }

/* dots */
.carousel-dots{
  display:flex;
  gap:8px;
  justify-content:center;
  padding:12px 0 2px;
}
.dot{
  width:8px;
  height:8px;
  border-radius:999px;
  border:none;
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.35);
  cursor:pointer;
}
.dot.active{
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.95);
}

/* responsive height */
@media (max-width: 860px){
  .carousel-stage img{ height:260px; }
}

.avatar-img{
  width:48px;
  height:48px;
  border-radius:16px;
  object-fit:cover;
  border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.06);
}

/* ===== Research Page Layout ===== */
.research-sections{
  display:flex;
  flex-direction:column;
  gap: 18px;
}

.research-overview {
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  padding: 0px 8px 32px; /* reduced top padding from 12px to 0px */
  border-bottom: 2px dashed var(--line);
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}
.section-head.overview-head {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 10px;
  margin-bottom: 40px;
}
.overview-kicker {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 13px;
  font-weight: 800;
  color: var(--blue-dark);
  background: var(--blue-soft);
  border: 1px solid #c7dcff;
  padding: 4px 12px;
  border-radius: 999px;
  letter-spacing: 0.2px;
}
.research-overview .section-head h2 {
  font-size: 26px;
  color: var(--text);
  letter-spacing: -0.5px;
  margin: 0;
  line-height: 1.35;
}
.research-lead {
  font-size: 17px;
  font-weight: 700;
  color: var(--text);
  margin-bottom: 12px;
  line-height: 1.6;
}
.align-center {
  align-items: center;
}
.no-border {
  border: none !important;
  background: transparent !important;
}

.sub-shadow-img {
  border-radius: 12px;
  box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  padding: 12px;
  background: #ffffff;
}

.overview-content {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  /* gap: 8px; */
}
.overview-media {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 720px;
  /* padding: 0 16px; */
}
.overview-media img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  display: block;
}
.overview-body {
  width: 100%;
  /* max-width: 860px; */
}

.section-head{
  display:flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 12px;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.banner-head {
  background: var(--blue-dark);
  padding: 18px 24px;
  border-radius: 0; /* Remove inner border radius */
  align-items: center; /* Override baseline */
  margin-bottom: 24px;
}

.banner-head h2 {
  color: #ffffff !important;
}

.banner-head .details-link {
  color: #ffffff;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
}

.banner-head .details-link:hover {
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
}

.section-head h2{
  /* font-size: 24px; */
  margin: 0;
}

.details-link{
  font-weight: 900;
  color: var(--blue-dark);
  text-decoration: none;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.65);
  padding: 8px 10px;
  border-radius: 12px;
}

.details-link:hover{
  text-decoration: none;
  filter: brightness(1.02);
}

.research-detail-img {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 860px; /* 전체 컨테이너 폭에 맞추어 최대 크기 제한 */
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.research-detail-img img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto !important; /* 비율 유지 */
  object-fit: contain;     /* 잘림 방지 */
}

/* shared split */
.split{
  display:grid;
  gap: 14px;
  align-items: stretch;
}

.split-6-4{
  grid-template-columns: 3fr 2fr; /* 60:40 */
}

.split-5-5{
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; /* 50:50 */
}

.split-8-2{
  grid-template-columns: 4fr 1fr; /* 80:20 */
}

.split-2-8{
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 4fr; /* 20:80 */
}

.split-media{
  border-radius: 16px;
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: rgba(255,255,255,.6);
}

.split-media img{
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  min-height: 260px;
  object-fit: cover;
  display:block;
  border: none !important;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.split-8-2 .split-media img,
.split-2-8 .split-media img{
  width: 90%;
  height: auto;
  min-height: 0;
  object-fit: contain;
  border: none !important;
  background: transparent;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.split-5-5 .split-media img{
  width: 80%;
  height: 100%;
  min-height: 160px;
  object-fit: cover;
  display:block;
  border: none !important;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

/* For "left text right image" subtopic 1 in section 2/3 */
.reverse-on-desktop{
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; /* keep 5:5 */
}
.reverse-on-desktop .split-media{
  order: 2;
}
.reverse-on-desktop .split-body{
  order: 1;
}

.split-body{
  padding: 4px 2px;
}

.subtopic{
  margin-top: 12px;
  padding-top: 12px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.subtopic:first-of-type{
  margin-top: 0;
  padding-top: 0;
  border-top: none;
}

.subtopic-head h3{
  margin: 0 0 10px;
  font-size: 18px;
  font-weight: 900;
  letter-spacing: -0.2px;
}

.ref-paper {
  font-style: italic; /* 기울임꼴 */
  font-size: 14px;    /* 크기 약간 축소 (기본 15~16px 대비) */
  color: var(--muted);/* 흐린 색상 유지 */
}
.clean-list{
  margin: 10px 0 0;
  padding-left: 18px;
  color: var(--muted);
  line-height: 1.7;
}
.clean-list li {
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.left-text {
  padding-left: 18px;
}


/* Responsive */
@media (max-width: 980px){
  .split-6-4, .split-5-5, .split-8-2, .split-2-8{
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
  .reverse-on-desktop .split-media,
  .reverse-on-desktop .split-body{
    order: initial;
  }
  .split-media img{
    min-height: 200px;
  }
}